The two UK parliamentary by-elections, held on 19 October 2023, saw some dramatic outcomes. It is worth looking under the bonnet of the results to shine a light on the workings of the First Past The Post (FPTP) system used for UK general elections and, by extension, for the recent by-elections.
The two large Conservative majorities overturned in last week’s by-elections have led to media speculation that even frontbenchers of the Government in ‘safe seats’ are at risk of their very own ‘Portillo moment’.
With a population of around 40 million, Poland is the European Union’s fifth largest member and by far the largest of its Eastern states. It is therefore worth taking notice of any national election in Poland. However, this week’s Polish parliamentary elections were particularly notable for a number of reasons.
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